ABSTRACT
@#Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoon which causes toxoplasmosis, an important zoonotic disease that is endemic worldwide. Common sources of T. gondii infection in humans are food or water contaminated with oocysts and raw or undercooked meat with cysts. In animals, common sources of infection include feed, water, or litter contaminated with oocysts. The diagnosis and molecular characterization of T. gondii infection in humans and animals is crucial due to public and veterinary health importance. Various traditional and serological methods have been used in clinical practice for toxoplasmosis diagnosis, but interpreting the results remains a challenge. Several molecular techniques have also been used for the detection and genetic characterization of T. gondii, but primarily in research settings. In this paper, we review the techniques that are currently used for the diagnosis and genetic characterization of T. gondii in humans and animals, along with their advantages and disadvantages. The techniques reviewed have laid the groundwork for the future development of more effective and precise detection and characterization of T. gondii. These advances will contribute to a better understanding of epidemiology, prevention and control of toxoplasmosis. Thus, this review would be of particular interest to clinical physicians, veterinarians and researchers.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACTBackground: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)is defined as a avertible and curable disease characterized by“persistent airflow limitation” that is usually advanced andassociated with an heightened chronic inflammatory responsein the airways, and the lung tonoxious particles or gases.Habitual smoking of cigarette represents the most significantrisk for impeding COPD, as well as low birth weight, recurrentinfections, indoor air pollution with biomass fuel, low socioeconomic status, occupational exposure such as xoal dust,silica, cadmium etc, Different stages of COPD based on postbronchodilator FEV1, in patients with FEV1/FVC <0.70.Aim: To find out the effectiveness of the combined treatmentoutcomes by studying the patients with different stages ofseverity of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.Methods: A Prospective study was carried out during theperiod from 1stJune 2018 to 31st December 2018 in theoutpatients department (OPD) of Patuakhali 250 Bed SadarHospital, Patuakhali. One Hundred and Fifty COPD patientswere included in this study. The study was conducted bymeasuring the response of patients with by following the “6Minute Walk Test” or